10 Surprising Facts About Breast Cancer You Need to Know

Introduction

Breast cancer is a significant health concern that affects millions of women around the world. It is the most common cancer among American women, and one in eight women will develop the disease in their lifetime [7]. Early detection is crucial as it greatly increases cancer survival rates, and with early detection, the five-year survival rate for breast cancer is nearly 100% [3]. In this essay, we will explore ten surprising facts about breast cancer that you need to know.

It is not just a women’s issue; it can also affect men, although it is rare. About one in a thousand men in the United States will experience breast cancer in their lifetime [9]. Age is a significant factor in breast cancer risk, and a woman’s risk for developing breast cancer increases as she gets older. In fact, the chances of developing breast cancer are 12% for women or 1 in 8 [3; 7].

it can be a fatal disease, and it is the second leading cause of cancer-related death among American women. However, there are over 3 million breast cancer survivors in the United States, and early detection and treatment can significantly improve survival rates [8; 3].

Breast cancer research has made significant strides in recent years. Scientists have discovered that there are different types of breast cancer, and each type responds differently to a treatment. In addition, genetic testing can help identify women who may be at a higher risk of developing breast cancer [7].

It affects women from all walks of life, regardless of their race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status. It is crucial to raise awareness about the disease and promote early detection and treatment to improve survival rates [7].

In conclusion, breast cancer is a significant health concern that affects millions of women around the world. Early detection and treatment are critical in improving survival rates, and research continues to make strides in identifying new treatments and risk factors. By raising awareness and promoting early detection, we can make a significant impact in the fight against breast cancer.

Breast Cancer Statistics

Breast cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the breast tissue. Here are some key statistics:

• Breast cancer is currently the most common cancer globally, accounting for 12.5% of all new annual cancer cases worldwide [2].
• Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the United States, except for skin cancers [6].
• In the United States, it is estimated that about 297,790 new cases of invasive breast cancer will be diagnosed in women in 2023 [6].
• Breast cancer incidence rates have risen in most of the past four decades; during the most recent data years (2010-2019), the rate increased by 0.5% annually, largely driven by localized-stage and hormone receptor-positive disease [5].
• Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women in the United States, after lung cancer [1].
• In 2022, about 13% (about 1 in 8) of U.S. women are expected to develop invasive breast cancer in the course of their life [2].
• In 2022, it is estimated that breast cancer will account for approximately 30% of all new women cancer diagnoses in the United States [9].
• Females had much higher rates of getting breast cancer than those dying from breast cancer in the United States. In 2019, 264,121 new breast cancers were reported in females and 42,280 females died from breast cancer [3].
• For women, the three most common cancers are breast, lung, and colorectal, and they will account for an estimated 50% of all new cancer diagnoses in women in 2020 [8].

It’s important to note that breast cancer statistics may vary depending on factors such as age, race/ethnicity, family history, and lifestyle factors. It’s also important to talk to a healthcare provider about breast cancer screening and risk factors.

The Prevalence of Breast Cancer in Women

It is the most common cancer among women in the United States, except for skin cancers [2]. It is estimated that approximately 1 in 8 women in the U.S. will develop invasive breast cancer over the course of their lifetime, which is approximately 12.9% of women based on data from 2017-2019 [3]. In 2022, it is estimated that there will be 287,850 new cases of invasive breast cancer and 51,400 new cases of non-invasive (in situ) breast cancer diagnosed in women in the U.S. [4].

It is important to note that rates of breast cancer vary among different groups of people, including women and men, people of different ethnicities, and different ages [6]. Black women, in particular, have a higher mortality rate from breast cancer than white women in the U.S. [1].

Globally, breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women, with 2.3 million new cases in 2020 and 685,000 deaths [7]. The ten countries with the highest rates of breast cancer in women and the highest number of deaths from breast cancer in women in 2020 were shown in a report by the World Cancer Research Fund [8].

Breast cancer can be divided into four main subtypes: HR+/HER2-, HR-/HER2-, HR+/HER2+, and HR-/HER2+. These subtypes are ordered by prevalence, with HR+/HER2- being the most common subtype. HR stands for hormone receptor, and HR+ means that tumour cells have receptors for the hormones estrogen or progesterone, which can promote the growth of HR+ tumours [9].

In summary, breast cancer is prevalent cancer among women, with approximately 1 in 8 women in the U.S. developing invasive breast cancer over the course of their lifetime. Rates of breast cancer vary among different groups of people, and Black women have a higher mortality rate from breast cancer than white women in the U.S. Breast cancer is also the most prevalent cancer among women globally, with four main subtypes that can be distinguished by hormone receptor status and HER2 expression.

The Incidence of Breast Cancer in Men

Breast cancer is much less common in men than in women, with only about 1 out of every 100 breast cancers being diagnosed in a man in the United States [1]. Men have a lifetime risk of getting breast cancer of about 1 in 833, compared to 1 in 8 for women in the United States [2]. In 2023, an estimated 2,800 men in the United States will be diagnosed with breast cancer [5].

The most common kind of breast cancer in men is invasive ductal carcinoma, which begins in the ducts and then grows outside the ducts into other parts of the breast tissue [1]. Nearly all male breast cancer is ductal carcinoma, and other types of breast cancer that can occur in men include Paget’s disease of the nipple and inflammatory breast cancer, although these are rarer [6]. Incidence and death rates of male breast cancer are highest among men aged 80 years or older, although men aged 60 to 69 years account for the highest proportion of male breast cancer cases and deaths [4].

In conclusion, while breast cancer in men is rare, it is still important for men to be aware of the signs and symptoms and to discuss any concerns with their healthcare provider, particularly if they have a family history of breast cancer or other risk factors [8].

The Mortality Rate of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is a significant health concern, and understanding its mortality rate is important for public health efforts. According to the National Cancer Institute (NCI), an estimated 281,550 women were diagnosed with breast cancer in the United States in 2021, and about 43,600 women died of the disease that year [8]. It is also estimated that about 43,250 women in the U.S. will die from breast cancer in 2022 [3].

The mortality rate of breast cancer has been decreasing steadily since 1989, with an overall decline of 43% through 2020. This translates to 460,000 fewer breast cancer deaths during that time [4]. The death rate for breast cancer dropped to 19.6 per 100,000 women per year based on 2015-2019 cases and 2016-2020 deaths [5].

Breast cancer mainly occurs in middle-aged and older women, with the median age at the time of diagnosis being 62 years old. This means that half of the women who developed breast cancer are 62 years of age or younger when they are diagnosed. [6].

The five-year relative survival rate for breast cancer varies based on the stage of cancer. If the cancer is located only in the breast, the five-year survival rate is 99%. The average five-year survival rate for all people with breast cancer is 89%, the 10-year rate is 83%, and the 15-year rate is 78% [9]. These rates suggest that early detection and treatment are critical in improving survival rates.

Finally, the mean breast cancer mortality rate was 13.77 per 100,000 in 1990 worldwide, and the overall slope of the mortality rate was 0.7 per 100,000 from 1990 to 2015. Latin America and the Caribbean showed the highest increasing trend of breast cancer mortality rate from 1990 to 2015 (1.48 per 100,000) [10].

Breast Cancer Risk Factors

Breast cancer is a type of cancer that can result from multiple environmental and hereditary risk factors. Risk factors for breast cancer may be divided into preventable and non-preventable factors, which are studied in the field of epidemiology [1]. Some of the main factors that increase the risk of breast cancer include being a woman and getting older. Most breast cancers are found in women who are 50 years old or older. Having a risk factor does not mean you will get the disease, and not all risk factors have the same effect [2]. Other factors associated with an increased risk of breast cancer include a personal history of breast conditions, increasing age, and being female [3].

While some breast cancer risk factors, such as family history and ageing, cannot be changed, there are some that can be controlled, such as lack of exercise, smoking cigarettes, and eating certain foods. These lifestyle-related risk factors can be changed by making healthier choices [4]. Additionally, reproductive factors such as early menarche, late menopause, late age at first pregnancy, and low parity can increase breast cancer risk. Each 1-year delay in menopause increases the risk of breast cancer by 3%, while each 1-year delay in menarche or each additional birth decreases the risk of breast cancer by 5% or 10%, respectively [10].

First-degree relatives of patients with breast cancer have a 2-fold to 3-fold excess risk for developing the disease, while 5% to 10% of all breast cancer cases are due to genetic factors, which may account for 25% of cases in women younger than 30 years [7]. Women in certain subgroups may also have an increased risk of breast cancer, although these predictions do not allow one to say precisely which woman will develop breast cancer. In fact, some women who do not develop breast cancer have higher risk estimates than some women who do develop breast cancer [9].

It is important to note that having a risk factor for breast cancer does not necessarily mean that a person will develop the disease. Likewise, not having any risk factors does not guarantee that a person will not develop breast cancer. Regular screening and early detection are crucial for improving outcomes in breast cancer cases. Women should talk to their healthcare providers about their personal risk factors and any recommended screening tests or preventive measures that they may need [2].

Genetic Predisposition to Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is a complex disease that can be caused by various factors, including genetic predisposition. About 5% to 10% of breast cancers are thought to be hereditary, caused by abnormal genes passed from parent to child [1]. Genetic testing for breast cancer susceptibility is widely used to identify individuals who have an increased risk of developing breast cancer [2].

Currently, three classes of predisposition factors are known to be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer [3]:

1. High-penetrance breast cancer predisposition genes, including BRCA1 and BRCA2, which are identified by genome-wide linkage analysis and positional cloning.
2. Moderate-penetrance genes, including CHEK2, ATM, and PALB2.
3. Low-penetrance genes, including FGFR2, MAP3K1, and LSP1.

Cancer-related genetic changes can occur due to random mistakes in our DNA, carcinogens in our environment, and inherited gene mutations [4]. Genetic testing for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer looks for mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, which are the most common high-penetrance genes associated with an increased risk of breast cancer [5].

Inheriting certain gene changes, about 5% to 10% of breast cancer cases are thought to be hereditary, meaning that they result directly from gene changes passed on from a parent. Most breast cancers are found in women aged 55 and older [6].

A hereditary predisposition to breast cancer significantly influences screening and follow-up recommendations for high-risk women. However, in patients with a suggestive personal and/or family history, a specific predisposing gene is identified in less than 30% of cases [7].

Male breast cancer is much more likely to be related to a genetic predisposition than breast cancer in women. Children who develop cancer may have a genetic predisposition, but they do not always have a family history of cancer. A study of over 1000 children with cancer found that 8.3% had predisposing gene mutations [8].

The risk of breast and ovarian cancer is very high in women with mutations in either BRCA1 or BRCA2. This syndrome can also lead to fallopian tube cancer, primary peritoneal cancer, male breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, and prostate cancer, as well as some others. Some people might have more than one cancer [9].

ICD-10-CM code Z15.01 is used to indicate a genetic susceptibility to malignant neoplasm of the breast, and it became effective on October 1, 2022 [10].

The Impact of Age on Breast Cancer Risk

Breast cancer risk increases as a person gets older [1]. Age is an established risk factor for breast cancer, with rates of breast cancer being low in women under 40. About 4 per cent of women diagnosed with breast cancer in the U.S. are younger than 40 [2]. The ageing process is one of the biggest risk factors for breast cancer in women because genetic damage (mutations) in the body increases with age, and as we age, our bodies are less capable of repairing genetic damage [3]. Breast cancer incidence rates for all cancer types climb steadily as age increases, with more than 1,000 cases per 100,000 people in age groups 60 years and older [4]. Women over 50 years of age accounted for approximately 78% of new breast cancer cases and 87% of breast cancer-related deaths in the United States in 2011 [5]. Age at diagnosis of the first breast cancer is a significant predictor of contralateral breast cancer risk in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers [9]. Age at first childbirth also impacts breast cancer risk, with women who give birth to their first child at age 35 or younger having a decreased risk of breast cancer, and breast cancer risk is increased for about 10 years after a first birth [8]. Women who have their first full-term pregnancy at an early age have a decreased risk of developing breast cancer later in life [10].

The Role of Lifestyle Choices in Breast Cancer Risk

Breast cancer is a disease that affects many women worldwide. Lifestyle choices have been shown to play a significant role in increasing or decreasing the risk of breast cancer. According to the Mayo Clinic, limiting alcohol intake is a lifestyle change that can decrease the risk of breast cancer, even in women at high risk [1]. The American Cancer Society recommends at least 150 minutes of medium-intense activity each week, such as yoga and biking, to lower the risk of breast cancer [6].

Other lifestyle-related breast cancer risk factors include diet and physical activity [2]. High-fibre foods have been associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer recurrence [7]. A Mediterranean diet has also been linked to a decreased risk of breast cancer [9].

Smoking is a lifestyle choice that can increase the risk of breast cancer, especially in women who started smoking early and have not reached menopause [8].

It is important to note that having a risk factor, or even many, does not mean that a person is sure to get the disease. Healthy lifestyle choices are linked to a lower risk of some cancers and other health conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, and osteoporosis [3]. Despite improved treatment strategies for each characteristic molecular breast cancer subtype, recommendations for evidence-based preventive strategies for breast cancer treatment are not given equivalent attention [5].

In conclusion, lifestyle choices such as limiting alcohol intake, being physically active, consuming high-fibre foods, and avoiding smoking can play a significant role in decreasing the risk. It is essential to integrate these healthier habits into everyday life, but it can be difficult [4].

Breast Cancer Symptoms

Breast cancer symptoms can vary depending on the type and stage of cancer. The most common symptoms include a breast lump or thickening that feels different from the surrounding tissue, a change in the size, shape, or appearance of a breast, changes to the skin over the breast such as dimpling, and a newly inverted nipple [1]. Other possible symptoms include thickening or swelling of part of the breast, irritation or dimpling of breast skin, redness or flaky skin in the nipple area or the breast, pulling in of the nipple or pain in the nipple area, nipple discharge other than breast milk, including blood, pain in any area of the breast, and unusual warmth of the affected breast [2]. Breast cancer symptoms can also include swelling of all or part of the breast, breast pain, nipple pain, nipple turning inward, redness, scaliness, or thickening of the nipple or breast skin, and a lump in the underarm area [6]. These symptoms can also be signs of less serious conditions such as an infection or a cyst. If breast cancer is suspected, other tests will be done to determine the stage of cancer, which is determined by whether the cancer is only in the breast, found in lymph nodes under the arm, or has spread outside the breast [9]. If you notice any changes in your breast, it’s important to see a doctor for evaluation. Finding breast cancer early gives you a better chance of successful treatment [3].

Lump or Thickening in the Breast

A lump or thickening in the breast can be concerning, but it is important to note that not all lumps are cancerous. Some lumps may be due to hormonal changes, infections, or benign breast conditions [2]. However, if you notice a lump or thickening in your breast, it is important to have it evaluated by a healthcare professional to determine the cause and appropriate course of action.

Breast cancer can present as a painless, hard, irregularly shaped lump that is different from the surrounding breast tissue [1]. The skin covering the lump may appear red, dimpled, or pitted like the skin of an orange. In some cases, breast size and shape may change or nipple discharge may occur [1]. However, breast cancer can also present in other ways, such as thickening or hardening of the breast tissue, a change in the texture of the skin, or inward turning of the nipple [4].

Benign breast lumps are often squishy, with well-defined margins, and maybe mobile and tender [7]. Some common benign breast conditions that can cause lumps or thickening include fibrocystic breasts [3], mammary duct ectasia [8], and infections [7]. Fibrocystic breasts are a common condition that can cause breast lumps or areas of thickening that tend to blend into the surrounding breast tissue. They may also cause generalized breast pain or tenderness that involves the upper outer part of the breast. Breast nodules or lumpy tissue can change in size with the menstrual cycle [3].

If you notice a lump or thickening in your breast, it is important to have it evaluated by a healthcare professional. Your doctor may perform a clinical breast exam, mammogram, ultrasound, or biopsy to determine the cause of the lump or thickening [2]. Remember, not all lumps are cancerous, but early detection and treatment can improve outcomes if cancer is present.

Changes in Breast Shape or Size

Changes in breast shape or size can be caused by various factors, including hormonal fluctuations, ageing, pregnancy, and disease. It’s essential to monitor your breasts regularly and seek medical attention if you notice any significant changes.

According to the Mayo Clinic, changes in breast shape or size can include finding a new breast lump or thickening that feels different from the surrounding tissue or the other breast, noticing a change in the size, shape or appearance of a breast, having breast pain that doesn’t go away after the next period, or noticing skin changes on a breast, such as itchiness, redness, scaling, dimpling, or puckering [1].

Breast lumps or firmness, including a lump in or near your breast, a lump under your arm, thick or firm tissue in or near your breast or under your arm, or a change in the size or shape of your breast, can also be symptoms of changes in breast shape or size. Most lumps are not breast cancer, but it’s important to get any unusual lump checked out by a healthcare professional [2].

Other changes to breast shape or size can occur during different points in your life, such as during your menstrual cycle or pregnancy, causing your breasts to enlarge or become tender [6]. Ageing can also cause changes in breast shape or size, such as stretch marks, downward-pointing nipples, and an elongated, stretched, or flattened appearance [9].

It’s important to note that any change in breast size or shape should be investigated medically before determining whether it’s a physiological alteration or due to some pathology (disease). The presence of other symptoms such as pain or tenderness, redness, heat, lumps, nipple discharge, changes in nipple appearance, and bleeding from the breast are all reasons to seek medical attention [7].

In summary, changes in breast shape or size can be caused by various factors, including hormonal fluctuations, ageing, pregnancy, and disease. It’s important to monitor your breasts regularly and seek medical attention if you notice any significant changes, including breast lumps or firmness, pain, or skin changes. Any change in breast size or shape should be investigated by a healthcare professional to rule out any potential pathology.

Nipple Discharge or Pain

Nipple discharge and pain are common symptoms that can be caused by a variety of factors, some of which may be benign while others may be indicative of a more serious condition. According to [1], nipple discharge can be accompanied by breast pain or tenderness, a lump or swelling in the breast or around the nipple, and nipple changes such as turning inward or dimpling.

One of the most common causes of nipple discharge is hormonal imbalances or changes, such as those that occur during menstruation or menopause, pregnancy, or breastfeeding, as noted by both [2] and [4]. Fibrocystic breast changes can also cause nipple discharge [6], while ectasia (widening of the milk ducts) may lead to thick, sticky nipple discharge as well as breast pain [5].

In some cases, nipple discharge may be caused by medication, such as birth control pills or certain antidepressants [4]. However, it is important to note that nipple discharge may also be a sign of breast cancer, particularly if it is accompanied by other symptoms such as a lump or swelling in the breast, nipple changes, or persistent pain [1][9].

If you experience nipple discharge or pain, it is recommended to see a healthcare provider for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan. Depending on the underlying cause, treatment options may include warm compresses, antibiotics, or medication to address hormonal imbalances [5]. However, if breast cancer is suspected, additional testing such as mammography or a biopsy may be necessary [9].

Breast Cancer Diagnosis

Breast cancer diagnosis typically involves various tests and procedures to determine if cancer is present and if so, the stage and extent of cancer. The most common diagnostic tests include a breast exam, mammogram, and biopsy [1][3]. Additional tests, such as breast MRI, may be recommended depending on individual circumstances [1]. It’s important to note that not all diagnostic tests may be necessary for every individual, and the selection of tests may depend on the size and location of cancer, as well as other factors [4].

Common symptoms of breast cancer include a new lump or mass in the breast, changes in breast size or shape, nipple discharge, and breast pain [7]. However, it’s important to note that not all breast lumps or changes are indicative of cancer, and many breast changes are benign. If breast cancer is suspected, further testing will be necessary to determine if cancer is present and the extent of cancer [1].

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among American women, and it’s estimated that about 30% of newly diagnosed cancers in women are going to be breast cancers [9]. Black women die from breast cancer at a higher rate than White women, and it’s important for all women to be aware of the risk factors and symptoms of breast cancer and to seek medical attention promptly if any changes or abnormalities are detected [10]. Additionally, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including a healthy diet and exercise, can help improve overall health and energy levels during cancer treatment [5]. The American Cancer Society also offers resources and support through its Reach to a Recovery program, connecting breast cancer patients with trained volunteers who are breast cancer survivors [6].

Mammograms and Other Screening Tests

Mammograms and other screening tests are important for the early detection of breast cancer in women. Mammography is a type of X-ray imaging used to check for breast cancer in women who have no signs or symptoms of the disease [3]. A screening mammogram typically involves taking two or more X-rays of each breast, which may reveal tumours or abnormalities that sometimes indicate the presence of breast cancer [4]. The American Cancer Society recommends annual mammograms for women between the ages of 45 and 54 and mammograms every other year for women aged 55 and older. Women aged 40 to 44 have the option to start screening with a mammogram every year [2].

Besides mammograms, there are other screening tests available, such as breast ultrasound, MRI, and molecular breast imaging, which can improve the detection of cancer in women with increased breast density [7]. Ultrasound uses sound waves and does not involve radiation or an injection into your vein. It takes about 15 to 20 minutes and is the most common additional test used after a mammogram [8]. 3D mammogram machines are used to create both 3D and standard 2D images to investigate the cause of breast problems, such as breast mass, pain, and nipple discharge [6].

It is important to note that the sensitivity of mammography decreases if a woman has dense breast tissue, as both cancer and dense breast tissue appear on a mammogram. Providers of mammograms will have to inform women with dense breast tissue of this under new rules adopted by the FDA [9]. If a woman’s mammogram shows dense breast tissue, additional screening tests such as breast MRI or molecular breast imaging may be recommended to improve cancer detection [7].

In conclusion, mammography and other screening tests are essential tools for the early detection of breast cancer. Women are encouraged to discuss with their healthcare providers which screening test(s) are appropriate for their age, personal and family medical history, and overall health [1].

Biopsy and Pathology Reports

A biopsy is a procedure in which a sample of tissue is taken from a person’s body to be examined for the presence of cancer or other diseases [1]. The examination of these tissue samples is done by a pathologist, a medical doctor who specializes in diagnosing diseases through laboratory tests and evaluation of cells, tissues, and organs [2]. The results of this examination are then compiled into a pathology report [3].

A typical pathology report contains identifying information about the patient, including their name, birth date, and biopsy date, as well as details about the biopsy procedure and the specific tissue or organ from which the sample was taken [4]. It includes a gross description of the sample as seen by the naked eye, a microscopic description, and a final diagnosis [3]. The report also indicates whether other tests are needed and may include diagnostic words [4].

It is important for patients to request a copy of their pathology report after any biopsy or excision so that they have documentation of their pathologic diagnosis [1]. Patients can review their pathology reports with their healthcare team [4].

The amount of time it takes to process and report biopsy results can vary depending on technical reasons and the type of body tissue being examined. Routine biopsy and cytology results may be ready as soon as one or two days after the sample gets to the lab, but in some cases, the process may take much longer [7].

In summary, a biopsy is a medical procedure in which a tissue sample is taken from a person’s body to be examined by a pathologist for the presence of disease. The results of this examination are compiled into a pathology report, which contains identifying information about the patient, details about the biopsy procedure and the specific tissue or organ from which the sample was taken a description of the sample, and a final diagnosis. Patients should request a copy of their pathology report and review it with their healthcare team. The time it takes to process and report biopsy results can vary depending on technical reasons and the type of body tissue being examined.

Staging and Treatment Planning

Staging and treatment planning are important aspects of cancer diagnosis and management. Staging refers to the process of determining the extent and spread of cancer in the body, which helps in deciding the best treatment options for the patient [1]. Treatment planning involves creating a personalized plan for the patient based on various factors, such as the type and stage of cancer, the patient’s overall health, and their preferences [3].

The process of treatment planning may involve identifying clinical trials that may be treatment options for the patient [1], as well as considering the stage of the change model, which includes five stages of change: pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance [2]. Treatment planning may also address the concurrent treatment of substance abuse and mental illness, considering the stage of change and readiness for treatment [4].

Creating a treatment plan can help organize a patient’s problems into measurable goals and intervention strategies that maximize the efficiency of practice [6]. It is important to note that the process of treatment planning may be difficult for some practitioners, but it is a necessary element of accountable practice [6].

Overall, staging and treatment planning are crucial components of cancer management and involve considering various factors such as the stage of cancer, the patient’s overall health, and their preferences. The process of treatment planning may involve identifying clinical trials, considering the stage of change model, and addressing concurrent substance abuse and mental illness treatment, among other things [1][2]

Breast Cancer Treatment

Breast cancer is a disease that can be managed through a range of treatment options, depending on the stage of cancer, physical and biological characteristics of the disease, as well as the age, overall health, and personal preferences of the patient. Treatment types can be classified into local therapy and systemic treatment [1]. Local therapy is most efficacious in early-stage breast cancer, while systemic therapy is generally justified in advanced and metastatic disease or in diseases with specific phenotypes.

Surgical options for breast cancer treatment include lumpectomy (removal of a portion of the breast), mastectomy (removal of all tissue from one breast), and double mastectomy (removal of all tissue from both breasts) [10]. Most women with breast cancer will have some type of surgery to remove the tumour. Depending on the type of breast cancer and how advanced it is, you might need other types of treatment as well, either before or after surgery, or sometimes both [3].

Radiation therapy is a local therapy that is often used after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells and reduce the risk of cancer returning. Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment that uses drugs to target and destroy cancer cells. These drugs can be given by injection or taken orally as pills [4]. Hormonal therapy is another systemic treatment that is often used in women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, which is the most common type of breast cancer. This treatment works by blocking the action of hormones that promote the growth of breast cancer cells [5].

Neoadjuvant therapy is the use of hormone therapy to treat breast cancer to reduce tumour size before surgery. Clinical trials have shown that neoadjuvant hormone therapy, in particular with aromatase inhibitors, can be effective in reducing the size of breast tumours [9].

In general, the more breast cancer has spread, the more treatment will likely be needed. Most women with breast cancer in stages I, II, or III are treated with surgery, often followed by radiation therapy. Many women also get some kind of systemic drug therapy [7]. Breast MRI, mammogram, and breast exam are among the tests and procedures used to diagnose breast cancer [2].

In conclusion, the most effective breast cancer treatment plan will depend on individual factors and the stage and characteristics of cancer. Treatment options can include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and neoadjuvant therapy. It is important to work with a healthcare provider to determine the best treatment plan for each individual case.

Surgery as a Treatment Option

Surgery is a common treatment option for various medical conditions. In some cases, surgery can be the main treatment, while in others, it may be used in combination with other treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy.

For skin cancer, precancerous growths on the skin and cervix, and retinoblastoma, cryosurgery is a type of treatment in which extreme cold produced by liquid nitrogen or argon gas is used to destroy abnormal tissue [1]. Surgery can also be used for relieving symptoms or side effects, such as in the case of debulking where the surgeon removes as much of cancer as possible [2].

Breast cancer surgery is another option, which may be used alone or in combination with other treatments like chemotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, and radiation therapy [3]. Arthroplasty is the most common type of surgery for arthritis, where the joint is either partially or fully replaced. This surgery is commonly performed in the hips, knees, and shoulders [4].

For basal cell carcinoma, surgical excision is a common procedure where the cancerous lesion and surrounding margin of healthy skin are removed [5]. In cases of Parkinson’s disease, deep brain stimulation and Duopa are two common surgical treatments available [6].

Surgery can also be used to treat sleep apnea, stress incontinence, and multiple sclerosis. Rhinoplasty, septoplasty, and endoscopic sinus surgery are surgical options for sleep apnea [7]. Deep brain stimulation is a procedure used to treat severe tremors in people with multiple sclerosis [8]. Surgery for stress incontinence is an option for moderate to severe symptoms that don’t improve with lifestyle changes or conservative treatments [9].

Finally, for vision correction, various surgical options like LASIK, LASIK Contoura Vision, LASIK PRK, EVO ICL Implantable Lens, SMILE Vision Correction, and Cataract Surgery are available [10].

It’s important to consult with a medical professional to determine if surgery is the best treatment option for a particular medical condition, as the risks and benefits of each option should be carefully considered.

Radiation Therapy and Chemotherapy

Breast cancer is a complex disease that often requires a combination of treatments, including radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Radiation therapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses beams of intense energy to kill cancer cells. It is often used after surgery to reduce the risk of breast cancer recurrence and can also be used to relieve symptoms caused by cancer that has spread to other parts of the body (metastatic breast cancer) [1]. On the other hand, chemotherapy for breast cancer uses drugs to target and destroy cancer cells. It is usually given in addition to other treatments, such as surgery, radiation, or hormone therapy. Chemotherapy drugs may be given intravenously (injected into the vein) or by mouth as pills [2].

The choice between radiation therapy and chemotherapy, or a combination of both, will depend on the type and location of breast cancer, as well as other factors such as the stage of cancer and the patient’s overall health. Radiation therapy is an option for many women who have early breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), which is non-invasive breast cancer. It is the standard treatment for most women who have early breast cancer [5]. Meanwhile, chemotherapy is often used in addition to other treatments for breast cancer, especially if cancer has spread to the lymph nodes or other parts of the body [6].

It’s important to note that both radiation therapy and chemotherapy can have side effects. Radiation therapy can cause skin changes, fatigue, and lymphedema (swelling of the arm or hand). On the other hand, chemotherapy can cause hair loss, nausea, and fatigue. Some chemotherapy agents may also increase the risk of second cancer [7]. However, there are ways to manage these side effects, and healthcare providers will work with patients to minimize discomfort and improve their quality of life during treatment.

In addition to radiation therapy and chemotherapy, there are other treatments available for breast cancer, such as hormone therapy and targeted therapy. Hormone therapy is used to stop tumours from growing by blocking hormones that fuel their growth, while targeted therapy goes after cancer cells with specific features, such as certain proteins or genes [8]. Moreover, patients may experience musculoskeletal side effects of breast cancer treatment, including shoulder underuse due to pain from surgery, radiation, or other side effects of breast cancer treatment. Physical therapy can help to manage these side effects [9]. Additionally, acupuncture may be helpful in relieving nausea caused by chemotherapy and certain types of pain in people with cancer [10].

Hormonal Therapy and Targeted Therapy

Breast cancer treatment often includes hormone therapy and targeted therapy. Hormone therapy is a treatment for hormone-sensitive breast cancers and works by blocking hormones from attaching to receptors on cancer cells or decreasing the body’s production of hormones. It is a treatment option for recurrent hormone-sensitive breast cancer and can be used after surgery to reduce the risk of cancer returning [1][2][5].

Targeted therapy for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer involves using drugs that make hormone therapy even more effective. These drugs can prevent hormones from acting on cancer cells and slow or stop the growth of cancer that uses hormones to grow. About 75% of breast cancers are hormone receptor-positive and targeted therapy can be helpful in treating these types of cancers. Some targeted therapy drugs might also have side effects, so it is essential to discuss the benefits and risks of treatment with a healthcare provider [3][4][10].

Overall, hormonal therapy and targeted therapy are important treatment options for breast cancer, and it is essential to discuss the best course of treatment with a healthcare provider. Precision medicine is also an approach used in breast cancer treatment, which analyzes an individual’s genetic makeup and molecular characteristics to inform decision-making in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention [9][10].

Breast Cancer Prevention

Breast cancer prevention strategies include a combination of lifestyle modifications, medical interventions, and risk-reduction techniques. While some factors that influence breast cancer risk cannot be changed, such as age and family history, there are several measures individuals can take to lower their risk of developing breast cancer.

Lifestyle changes such as maintaining a healthy weight, being physically active, and limiting alcohol consumption can help reduce the risk of breast cancer [2][6]. Breastfeeding may also play a role in breast cancer prevention [1]. Avoiding known risk factors, such as exposure to certain chemicals and radiation, can also reduce the risk of breast cancer [3].

For those at high risk of developing breast cancer, medications such as raloxifene may be prescribed to reduce the risk of invasive breast cancer [5]. High-risk individuals may also consider preventive surgeries such as prophylactic mastectomy or oophorectomy [3][9].

It’s important to talk to a doctor about breast cancer prevention strategies, especially if you have a family history of the disease or other risk factors. Regular breast cancer screenings, such as mammograms and clinical breast exams, are also important for early detection and treatment [4][10].

Lifestyle Changes to Reduce Breast Cancer Risk

Breast cancer is a major concern for women, and research has shown that certain lifestyle changes can help reduce the risk of developing breast cancer, even in women with a high risk of the disease. To help lower your risk of breast cancer, it is recommended to make the following lifestyle changes:

1. Limit alcohol consumption: The more alcohol you drink, the greater your risk of developing breast cancer [1]. It is recommended to choose not to drink alcohol, or to drink it in moderation.
2. Maintain a healthy weight: Being overweight or obese increases the risk of developing breast cancer, especially after menopause. It is recommended to maintain a healthy weight through healthy eating habits and regular physical activity [2][5][6][8].
3. Follow a healthy diet: Some studies suggest that a diet high in vegetables, fruit, and calcium-rich dairy products but low in red and processed meats might help lower the risk of breast cancer. However, it is not clear if specific foods can lower the risk [3][8].
4. Get regular exercise: Evidence suggests that regular physical activity reduces breast cancer risk, especially in women past menopause. Even a couple of hours of exercise a week might be helpful, although more seems to be better [7][9][10].
5. Quit smoking: Smoking increases the risk of breast cancer, so it is recommended to eliminate smoking [10].

It is important to note that some factors, such as getting older or family history, cannot be changed. However, by taking care of your health and making the above lifestyle changes, you can help lower your risk of breast cancer.

The Role of Exercise and Diet in Breast Cancer Prevention

Breast cancer is a serious concern for many women, but research has shown that certain lifestyle habits, such as exercise and diet, can play a significant role in prevention. According to the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) and American Cancer Society (ACS) cancer prevention guidelines, maintaining a healthy weight, undertaking at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week, limiting alcohol consumption, and eating a plant-based diet can all help reduce the risk of breast cancer [4].

Exercise, in particular, can be a powerful tool in breast cancer prevention and recovery. Regular exercise can help with weight management, which is a key factor in breast cancer prevention [1]. In addition, studies have shown that exercise can help prevent diseases, boost energy and mood, and reduce side effects during and after breast cancer treatment [2]. Specifically, physical activity can increase how long some women with breast cancer live [3] and can reduce anxiety, depressive symptoms, fatigue, and improve health-related quality of life and physical function [7].

Diet is another important factor in breast cancer prevention. The Mediterranean diet, which emphasizes plant-based foods, lean proteins, and healthy fats, has been shown to reduce breast cancer risk and may have a positive effect on breast cancer mortality [9]. Additionally, limiting red and processed meat, energy-dense foods, salt, sugary drinks, and alcohol can also help reduce the risk of breast cancer [6][8].

In conclusion, exercise and diet play important roles in breast cancer prevention. Incorporating regular exercise and a healthy diet, such as the Mediterranean diet, can help reduce the risk of breast cancer, improve quality of life, and potentially increase survival rates in those with breast cancer. It is important to consult with a doctor or physical therapist before starting any new exercise routine, particularly for those undergoing breast cancer treatment.

Genetic Counseling and Testing for Breast Cancer Risk

Genetic counselling and testing for breast cancer risk are important tools in identifying individuals who may be at higher risk for developing the disease. Some people inherit changes (mutations) in certain genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, that increase their risk of breast cancer and possibly other cancers [1]. The process of genetic risk assessment and BRCA1/2 mutation testing is a multistep process that begins with identifying patients with a family or personal history of breast, ovarian, tubal, or peritoneal cancers [2].

Genetic counselling can help individuals understand what a variant of uncertain significance (VUS) in BRCA1 or BRCA2 may mean in terms of their cancer risk. Until the interpretation of the variant is clarified, the management of risk should be based on family history and other risk factors [3]. Genetic testing can look for mutations in some of these genes and provide individuals with information to help them make informed decisions about their cancer risk and screening options [4].

Genetic counsellors can also provide information, resources, and support to individuals and their families. They can help individuals make informed decisions about genetic testing for BRCA1, BRCA2, and other inherited mutations, as well as offer guidance on risk management recommendations [7]. Furthermore, comprehensive cancer risk assessment and counselling, which includes clinical assessment, genetic testing, and risk management recommendations, can be delivered in the context of one or more genetic counselling sessions [6].

If an individual is considered to have a high risk for BRCA mutations, their doctor may recommend genetic testing. High-risk factors include having been diagnosed with breast cancer at a younger age, having been diagnosed with cancer in both breasts and having been diagnosed with triple-negative breast cancer, among other factors [8].

Genetic counselling and cancer risk assessment are important parts of cancer care and can be provided by experts such as genetic counsellors and doctors. These professionals guide individuals through the process of learning about their risk for inherited cancer, and can also assess information about family history [9]. Insurance may cover the cost of genetic testing and counselling [10].

In summary, genetic counselling and testing can help individuals understand their risk of developing breast cancer and guide them in making informed decisions about risk management and screening options. These services can be provided by genetic counsellors and doctors and may be covered by insurance.

Breast Cancer Awareness and Support

Breast cancer is a serious disease that affects many individuals and their families. However, there are many resources available for both awareness and support.

Breast Cancer Awareness Month is observed in October [7]. This month aims to provide information about breast cancer to increase awareness and help people find and access diagnostic testing, which has led to lower death rates for the disease. There are many ways to participate and help others get screened [7].

There are also numerous organizations that provide support for those who have been affected by breast cancer. Breastcancer.org is an excellent resource for breast cancer information and support [1]. The National Breast Cancer Foundation (NBCF) provides early detection screenings, including mammograms, breast health education, and a supportive community. They also have a number of ways to get involved with fundraising and partnerships [2][3]. The Komen Breast Care Helpline is a free resource available for every person, including survivors, caregivers, those living with metastatic breast cancer, and people who have not yet been touched by breast cancer but have questions about how to better care for themselves [8].

In addition to these resources, there are also steps that individuals can take to help lower their breast cancer risk. Keeping a healthy weight, exercising regularly, choosing not to drink alcohol or drinking alcohol in moderation, and breastfeeding children, if possible, are all ways to help reduce the risk of developing breast cancer [4].

For those who have been affected by breast cancer, participating in support groups can be an effective way to reduce stress and anxiety [9]. NBCF’s partnership with others has been able to provide mammography to women, especially women of colour, whose data show a higher mortality rate for breast cancer. Early detection saves lives, and sharing the story of how one or a loved one has been affected by breast cancer can help to encourage and inspire others [6].

Overall, there are many resources available for both awareness and support when it comes to breast cancer. Whether it’s participating in Breast Cancer Awareness Month, utilizing online resources like Breastcancer.org and the National Breast Cancer Foundation, or taking steps to lower your own breast cancer risk, there are many ways to get involved and make a difference.

The Importance of Breast Cancer Awareness Month

Breast Cancer Awareness Month is an annual event that takes place in October in the United States and around the world. The primary goal of this month-long campaign is to increase awareness of breast cancer and to promote early detection and access to high-quality care [1]. Breast Cancer Awareness Month was created in 1985 to promote screening and prevention of the disease, which affects one in eight women in the United States every year and 2.3 million women worldwide [2].

Breast Cancer Awareness Month provides an opportunity to educate people about breast cancer, including metastatic breast cancer, and the importance of early detection and access to timely, high-quality care [1]. It also raises funds for research of its cause, treatments, and cure [4]. Public education and promoting consciousness of mammograms as a key tool in the treatment of breast cancer are some of the main objectives of Breast Cancer Awareness Month [5].

Breast Cancer Awareness Month also aims to provide support to those who have been diagnosed, treated, or lost someone dear to them to the disease [6]. With proper education, individuals can do a lot to spread awareness and fight the disease [7]. The early goal of Breast Cancer Awareness Month was to educate women about breast cancer and early detection tests so that they could take charge of their breast health [10].

In conclusion, Breast Cancer Awareness Month is an important time to increase awareness of breast cancer, promote early detection and access to high-quality care, and provide support to those who have been affected by the disease. By spreading awareness and educating people, we can work towards finding a cure for breast cancer and improving the lives of those impacted by it.

Finding Support and Resources for Breast Cancer Patients

If you or someone you know has been diagnosed with breast cancer, it’s important to know that there are numerous resources available for support and assistance. Here are some options to consider:

1. Cancer Helpline: The American Cancer Society’s 24/7 cancer helpline provides support and information for people dealing with cancer. Trained cancer information specialists can answer questions about a cancer diagnosis, provide guidance, and offer a compassionate ear. Call 1-800-227-2345 to reach the helpline [[1]].
2. Breast Care Helpline: The Susan G. Komen Breast Care Helpline provides information about breast health, breast cancer, local and national resources, and clinical trials. Call 1-877-GO-KOMEN (1-877-465-6636) or email [email protected] for more information [[2]].
3. Cancer Care: Cancer Care provides free, professional support services for people affected by breast cancer, as well as breast cancer information and additional resources. Their Women’s Cancers Program can also help support female-identifying individuals coping with cancer. Oncology social workers can provide assistance and guidance for coping with breast cancer [[3]].
4. Free or Low-Cost Mammogram Screening: The National Cancer Institute’s Cancer Information Service and the American Cancer Society both provide resource lists for free or low-cost mammograms and financial assistance based on your location. Call the Cancer Information Service at 1-800-422-6237 or contact the American Cancer Society at 1-800-227-2345 [[4]].
5. Support Groups: Many hospitals, cancer centres, community groups, and schools offer cancer support groups. You can find groups near you by calling your local hospital and asking about their cancer support programs, asking your social worker to suggest groups, or talking to other patients who have tried support groups. Support groups can provide a sense of community and emotional support [[5], [6]].
6. Living Beyond Breast Cancer Fund: This fund provides a need-based, one-time grant ranging from $500 to $1,250 for those in active treatment for breast cancer. The grant covers non-medical and cost-of-living expenses such as a mortgage, car payments, car insurance payments, and other utilities. Visit the Living Beyond Breast Cancer Fund website for more information [[7]].
7. Other Programs and Resources: The American Cancer Society and the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society both offer programs and resources to help with cancer-related expenses such as gas and parking for outpatient treatment. Contact the American Cancer Society at 1-800-227-2345 to find out if these programs are available in your area [[8]]. The Ulman Foundation offers a Patient Navigation program to provide resources and support for young adults dealing with cancer at specific locations in Maryland. The Young Survival Coalition Peer Match program allows young people with breast cancer to connect with fellow patients and survivors who volunteer in this program [[9]]. Candlelighters Childhood Cancer Foundation offers support services such as transportation, childcare, and home care to improve the lives of those undergoing treatment for breast or cervical cancer [[10]].

Remember, you do not have to face breast cancer alone. Utilize these resources and support systems to help navigate the challenges of a breast cancer diagnosis.

How to Get Involved in Breast Cancer Advocacy and Research

Breast cancer advocacy and research are essential components of the fight against breast cancer. If you or someone you know has been affected by breast cancer and would like to get involved, there are many ways to contribute. Here are some ways to get involved in breast cancer advocacy and research:

1. Advocate for breast cancer awareness and research funding [1]. Being an advocate can make a significant impact in raising awareness and funding for breast cancer research. You can also get involved in advocacy programs as an advisor for planning or oversight or more directly as a volunteer.
2. Participate in education and training programs [2]. Organizations such as the National Breast Cancer Coalition offer training programs that enable patients, survivors, and other advocates to take leadership roles in decision-making that affects breast cancer research, healthcare, and public policy.
3. Join an advocacy group [3]. Advocacy groups like Susan G. Komen offer opportunities to be a voice for breast cancer survivors and ensure that the fight against breast cancer remains a priority among policymakers.
4. Contribute to cancer research [4]. You can purchase the Breast Cancer Research Stamp from USPS.com or your local post office, and the funds raised from the stamp sales support breast cancer research.
5. Participate in breast cancer scientific meetings [5]. Advocates must be part of program planning committees and participate as session chairs or co-chairs. There must be opportunities for interaction between scientists and advocates.
6. Support the mission of cancer organizations [6]. You can donate, shop, or plan a gift to support cancer organizations such as the American Cancer Society.
7. Join a patient advocacy group [7]. Patient advocacy groups work to ensure patients receive appropriate and timely care, education, and financial assistance when needed.
8. Work through community organizations [8]. Breast cancer advocates can work through community clinics, breast cancer advocacy or women’s health organizations, and other groups serving women with breast cancer to ensure that the research is relevant and that the research findings are applied as soon as feasible.
9. Become an advocate with the American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network (ACS CAN) [9]. ACS CAN is the nonprofit, nonpartisan advocacy affiliate of the American Cancer Society that supports evidence-based policy and legislative solutions designed to eliminate cancer as a major health problem.
10. Support the Department of Defense Breast Cancer Research Program (DOD BCRP) [10]: The DOD BCRP has brought more than $3.9 billion in federal funding for breast cancer research. Advocates fight every year to secure additional funding, and cutting-edge research done through the DOD BCRP is changing the face of biomedical research.

Overall, there are many ways to get involved in breast cancer advocacy and research. From supporting cancer organizations to joining patient advocacy groups or participating in scientific meetings, each contribution helps make a difference in the fight against breast cancer

Conclusion:

Breast cancer is a significant illness that can impact anyone, irrespective of age, gender, or ethnicity [1]. It is crucial to be aware of the surprising facts about breast cancer and take necessary measures to minimize the risk of developing this devastating disease. This includes maintaining a healthy weight through regular physical activity, such as 150 minutes a week of moderate aerobic activity or 75 minutes of vigorous aerobic activity weekly, plus strength training at least twice a week [1]. It is also important to consider genetic mutations and reproductive history, as these factors can increase the risk of breast cancer [2].

If diagnosed with breast cancer, treatment options such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy are available. However, these treatments can cause side effects like skin changes, fatigue, and bone thinning, which may impact one’s quality of life [3][7]. In some cases, breast cancer can spread to other parts of the body, such as bones, lungs, liver, and sometimes, the brain [5][9].

To protect oneself and loved ones from breast cancer, it is crucial to stay informed, get regular check-ups, and seek support if affected by the disease [1]. Additionally, knowing the unique risk factors that apply to each individual can help in developing a personalized prevention plan. It is also important to note that breast cancer affects different races and ethnicities differently, with Black women being more likely to develop advanced-stage breast cancer at a young age [10]. By taking necessary precautions and being vigilant about one’s health, one can reduce the impact of breast cancer on their life and those around one.